10 Top Safety Computer Tips

computer holds some of your most important—and private—information, so we’ve written down the 10 top safety computer tips that help you keep your computer and your information safe. Some tips are very common but are often over looked.

Safety Computer Tips #1: Use Anti-Virus Software

Anti-virus software is your best protection against the worst kind of computer problems—viruses. Although most viruses spread through email and Internet downloads, some spread directly through the network and other spread through USB disk drives.
There’s too many ways for an virus to get on your computer for you to try to guard against all of them, so the first step you take to secure your computer should be to install good anti-virus software.
But even more important than installing the anti-virus software is keeping it updated. Most anti-virus software will update itself—just make sure you don’t disable updating in the configuration or go too long without connecting to the Internet.
Anti-virus software can only protect your computer against known viruses. Hackers are writing new viruses everyday, so its important to also follow the rest of the tips in this article to keep yourself safe.

Safety Computer Tips #2: Beware Downloading

The easiest way for hackers to install malware (bad programs) on your computer is by convincing you to install them yourself. Most malware on the Web hides as small but useful-sounding programs. For example, new screen savers, new chat applications, and minor desktop improvements.
The software you thought you were installing quietly installs a few extra programs you didn’t ask for. Some of these programs display ads, some of them report details about your computer to hackers, some of them may even open ports—short for portals—that allow hackers to access your computer.
It’s hard to tell which software is legitimate and which software is genuinely useful, but if you have any doubt about a program, it’s best left uninstalled.

Safety Computer Tips #3: Don’t Trust Email

Do you trust your mother? Of course you do, so why wouldn’t you download the attachment she sent you in her latest email?
Viruses know that people trust their friends and family, and they often exploit this by sending rouge emails containing viruses to unsuspecting users. It’s not that your mother would ever intentionally try to infect your computer with a virus—she doesn’t know the attachment she sent you contains a virus.
A specific type of hacker called phisers also use fake emails from respected Internet companies to try to get your passwords. After they get your password, they’ll try to use it to empty your online bank accounts.
All of this means only one thing: don’t trust email. Don’t download attachments unless they’re in in a safe file format. Don’t click on links in your email and enter your password. With the state of email today, it’s ok to be a little paranoid. There are a few things for you to do to try and stop spam emails, but again it takes common sense mostly.

Safety Computer Tips #4: Investigate

Is there something goofy about your computer? Is it running slow? Are you getting strange error messages? Is your ISP complaining that you’re sending too many emails?
All of these problems need to be investigated. Viruses often use your computer processing power for evil, making your computer run slow. Viruses often try to hide among other programs, causing strange error messages. Viruses often send spam emails, making your ISP complain.
If you see a problem, start investigating it and don’t stop until you figure out what the problem was. Otherwise you risk letting a small virus install bigger, worse viruses.

Safety Computer Tips #5: Restrict Administrative Access

In a household or office where many people share computers, everyone is at the mercy of everyone else. No matter how safe you try to keep your computer, anyone else with administrator access can install a virus-infected program.
In these multi-user environments, it pays to restrict administrator access to only the users who know how to keep the computer safe. In fact, I suggest you create just one administrator account for each computer and then give every user their own non-administrator account.
Only when you need to install a program or change a setting should you use the administrator account. For everything else, you should use your own user account. This helps avoid the situation where you accidentally leave your administrator account logged in and the next person on the computer uses it to accidentally download a virus.

Safety Computer Tips #6: Backup!

A couple weeks ago shortly after a thunderstorm, I heard fire sirens down the street from my house. There had been a giant nearby bolt of lightning and the power was still out, so I went to investigate—one of my neighbors’ houses was on fire. It was tragic.

I don’t know how much they lost, but it made me think of what I’d lose if my own house caught fire. I realized that many of the things I’d miss most were stored on my computer. So, as soon as the power returned, I double-checked that my backups were still running as expected. I checked all my external hard drives and other backup storage devices I use.
Nothing can keep your data safer than backing it up. We’ve covered several great easy-to-use backup solutions in other articles, and we still recommend Mozy for affordable complete backups. They offer free 2Gb storage and promise better security.

Safety Computer Tips #7: Watch Your Kids

Kids these days grow up with the Internet, and that means they’re exposed to all of the Internet’s less savory aspects from an early age. It’s easy enough to install some parental control software and then assume that your kids are safe—but they’re not.
If there’s one thing I’ve learned about kids, it’s that they’re ingenious little buggers. Worse, your kids probably know your computer better than you do. No mere technology is going to stop them from getting into trouble.
The best way to keep your kids safe is to watch them when they browse the Internet. That may sound hard, but it can be quite easy—just put the family computer in the room where you or your spouse spend most of your time—for example, the kitchen or the living room.
You may also want to check the kid’s Web browser logs, but beware—if the kids know you do this, they’ll find ways of removing entries. A better method would be to check the hostname access logs on your router, but again, a crafty kid will eventually figure out how to fool even that.

Safety Computer Tips #8: Different Sites, Different Passwords

You’ve probably grown used to reading in computer news how such-and-such big site has been hacked and all of its usernames and passwords were stolen. It may not seem terribly important—after all, most sites don’t store any financial information.
But hackers know that most people use the same username and password for different websites. John Smith very likely uses the same password for his Yahoo! email account that he does for his PayPal account. Minutes after breaking into Smith’s email account, the hackers could use PayPal to empty his bank account.
Each site you use should have a different password—or, at the very least, you should use a different password for each site with access to your financial information. Protecting your online accounts is extremely important so do not neglect this!

Safety Computer Tips #9: Encrypt Sensitive Files

Even if you work really hard at avoiding viruses and other malware, you should prepare yourself for the chance that one will make it onto your computer any way. Backups protect your files from being deleted, but what protects your sensitive files from hackers?
The only thing that can protect your sensitive files is encryption. Higher-end versions of Windows include encryption, but you can also download a free encryption utility that provides just as much security (if not more—Microsoft is under pressure by some governments to put a “back door” into their encryption.)
To secure your files against hackers and other prying eyes, I suggest the free TrueCrypt encryption software.

Safety Computer Tips #10: Firewall

There’s a big difference between good and bad anti-virus software, but the same isn’t true of firewall software. Even the free firewall that comes with all recent versions of Windows will fully protect your computer against automatic network virus attacks. Just make sure you turn it on in the control panel.
If your anti-virus software comes with a firewall, I suggest you use that instead—not because it’s better, but because it will probably be easier for you to use.  And keeping things simple is its own safety computer tips.

TOP 10 HIGHEST PAID FOOTBALLERS

Posted on April 19, 2013 in Cristiano Ronaldo, David Beckham, Football Boots, Football News, Lionel Messi, Ronaldinho, Thierry Henry, Wayne Rooney

A year characterised by more stringent spending (by even the world’s most affluent clubs), unexpected transfers and a sponsorship hangover from the titanic London 2012 Olympics and Euro 2012 tournaments, we weren’t sure what to expect from the the list of the world’s highest-paid footballers in 2012-2013.
As it happens, it’s a mix of big returns, a big debut and some seriously big money making it’s way into the deals of the three biggest players on the planet.
Read on to see who made the cut…
10. Didier Drogba (Galatasary / Ivory Coast) £11.6m

We’ve got unashamed amounts of love for ‘The Drog’, and we’re pleased as punch to see him crack the top ten for the first time in has carrer.
A big money move to China saw the Champions League winner cash in a reported $300,000 per week (that reportedly might have gone unpaid) in his 6 months in Shanghai, whilst a big contract at Galatasary topped up his 2012-13 earnings.
9. Kaka (Real Madrid / Brasil) £12.5m

Once the subject of one of the most audacious contract offers ever put in front of a football player, Kaka’s fortunes have changed since picking up a succession of injuries in his time at Real Madrid.
Rumoured to be ready to take a pay-cut to stay playing Europe next season, Kaka will still have sponsorships with the likes of Pepsi and adidas to fall back on if his next club won’t match his Galactico wages.
8. Neymar (Santos / Brasil) £12.6m

As hype begins to build for the 2014 Brasil World Cup, it’s no surprise to see the sensational Neymar make a huge debut in the top 10.
The face of the Nike Mercurial Vapor IX & FC 247 ranges in South America, Neymar boasts a slew of other sponsors topping his Santos paycheque.
7. Fernando Torres (Chelsea / Spain) £13.1m

Despite often being labelled ‘misfiring’, ‘unlucky’ and – perhaps most harshly – ‘past it’, Fernando Torres’ standing in the list of highest paid football platers certainly doesn’t reflect any of those terms.
The two-time European Championship winner and World Cup champ put in Golden Boot-worthy performance in Poland & Ukraine over the summer after picking up a Champions League winners medal with Chelsea only months prior. With a switch to adidas from Nike looking likely – we wonder how a change of football boots will effect his earnings next year.
6. Yaya Toure (Manchester City / Ivory Coast) £13.1m

Recently re-negotiating his contract with Manchester City and re-affirming his commitment to the Blues cause, Yaya Toure could well improve on his 5th place finish by this time next year.
Additionally, the powerful Ivorian has been doing a stirling job representing Puma since his switch to the brand last year – though his boot deal has a more charitable angle to it than one which would boost his earnings.
5. Wayne Rooney (Manchester United / England) £13.2m

Despite being relatively scandal-free over the last twelve months England international Rooney is still suffering the repercussions of some poor off-field conduct – losing some £4m in sponsorships compared to last year, including a deal with FIFA creators, EA Sports.
But still, the Red Devils forward has been in good form this season and has even been linked with moves abroad. We’d certainly be interested in whether a stint on the continent would boost Rooney’s earnings or not.
4. Sergio Aguero (Manchester City / Argentina) £13.5m

The man who scored the goal that clinched Manchester City’s 2011-12 Premier League crown has found himself very much in demand since an explosive start to life in England.
Puma have adopted ‘Kun’ as the lead man behind the Puma evoSPEED silo, which launched last year, and Pepsi have also bolstered his pay packet.
3. Leo Messi (Barcelona / Argentina) £26.2m

Despite 4 Ballon D’ors and 91 goals in a calendar year Leo Messi finds himself knocked off the top spot this year.
The Argentine, one of the greatest players currently gracing a football pitch, is earning roughly the same as last year, with big deals from Herbalife, Turkish Airlines and  adidas – who recently launch the Barca ace’s signature collection of boots and equipment – topping up his Camp Nou wage.
2. Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid / Portugal) £28.3m

Building on his titanic earnings last year, ‘CR7′ is earning more than ever at the moment. Signing up deals with tailors, watchmakers and cosmetics companies in the last twelve months have all proven shrewd investments for the Portuguese.
Ronaldo also has a unique level of control over his image rights, splitting them 60/40 with the club (the benchmark is 50/50) – when you consider the size of the Real Madrid brand across the globe, that extra 10% is likely measured in millions.
1. David Beckham  (Paris Saint-Germain) £32.9m

We said it before in 2010 and we’ll say it again now – you cannot keep Beckham down!
The former England captain has done everything humanly possible to keep ‘Brand Beckham’ as strong today as it was ten years ago. Promoting cross-category with adidas more than ever, you’ll find ‘Goldenballs’ in ads for adidas Originals, fitness miadidas and – of course – football boots.
Additionally, giving his PSG wage away to a French charity was a PR masterstroke that got people talking about his return to European football more than they were already. And only saw more sponsors lining up to plug the gap left by his earnings from the French club.

Source: Forbes.com
World’s Highest Paid Footballers 2011:
10.  Philip Lahm (Bayern Munich / Germany) £11.9m
9. Kaka (Real Madrid / Brazil) £12.9m
8. Fernando Torres (Spain / Chelsea) £13.9m
7. Yaya Toure (Man City / Ivory Coast) £14.7m
6. Sergio Aguero (Man City / Argentina) £15.7m
5. Wayne Rooney (England / Man United)  £17.2m
4. Samuel Eto’o (Anzhi / Cameroon) £19.4m
3. Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid / Portugal) £24.3m
2. David Beckham (England / LA Galaxy) £26.2m
1. Lionel Messi (Argentina / Barcelona) £27.5m
Source: Forbes.com
World’s Highest Paid Footballers 2010:
10. Samuel Eto’o (Inter Milan, Cameroon) £9m
9. Zlatan Ibrahimovic (AC Milan, Sweden) £10.2m
8. Frank Lampard (Chelsea, England) £10.2m
7. Wayne Rooney (Manchester United, England) £12m
6. Thierry Henry (New York Red Bulls, France) £12.6m
5. Ronaldinho (Flamengo, Brazil) £14.4m
4. Kaka (Real Madrid, Brazil) £14.4m
3. Lionel Messi (Barcelona, Argentina) £19.3m
2. Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid, Portugal) £22.9m
1. David Beckham (LA Galaxy, England) £24.1m
World’s Highest Paid Footballers 2009:
10. Samuel Eto’o (Internazionale, Cameroon) €13.8m/£12.3m.
9. Frank Lampard (Chelsea, England) €14.2/£12.6m.
8. Zlatan Ibrahimovic (Barcelona, Sweden)€14.5m/£12.9.
7. Carlos Tevez (Manchester City, Argentina) €15.4m/£13.7m.
6. Ronaldinho (AC Milan, Brazil) €17.2m/£15.3m.
5. Thierry Henry (Barcelona, France) €18m/£16m
4. Kaka (Real Madrid, Brazil)€18.8m/£16.8m
3. Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid, Por)€30m/£26.8m
2. David Beckham (LA Galaxy, Eng) €30.4m/£27.2m
1. Leo Messi (Barcelona, Argentina) €33m/£29.5m
World’s Highest Paid Footballers 2007:
10. Steven Gerrard (Liverpool & England) £7.7 million
9. John Terry (Chelsea & England) £7.7 million
8. Fabio Cannvaro (Real Madrid & Italy) £7.9 million
7. Zinedine Zidane (Retired) £8.5 million
6. Thierry Henry (Barcelona & France) £8.6 million
5. Michael Ballack (Chelsea & Germany) £9.1 million
4. Wayne Rooney (Man Utd & England) £9.3 million
3. Ronaldo (AC Milan & Brazil) £12.7 million
2. David Beckham (LA Galaxy & England) £15.8 million
1. Ronaldinho (Barcelona & Brazil) £16 million

Hacking is not a recent invention. In fact, it has been around since the 1930s, although not always associated with computers. Here’s a rundown of some of the most noteworthy hackers in history.

1: Kevin Mitnick

Kevin Mitnick, once considered the most-wanted cybercriminal in the United States, is often touted as the poster child of computer hacking. Kevin mastered an early form of social engineering (scamming operators) and computer hacking to gain access to and modify telephony switching systems. After a very public two-year chase, arrest ,and incarceration, the hacker community collectively rose in protest against what they viewed as a witch hunt.

2: Robert Tappan Morris

On November 2, 1988, Robert Morris released a worm that brought down one-tenth of the Internet. With the need for social acceptance that seems to infect many young hackers, Morris made the mistake of chatting about his worm for months before he actually released it on the Internet, so it didn’t take long for the police to track him down. Morris said it was just a stunt and added that he truly regretted wreaking $15 million worth of damage, the estimated amount of carnage caused by his worm.

3: Vladimir Levin

Seeming like the opening of a James Bond movie, Vladimir Levin was working on his laptop in 1994 from his St. Petersburg, Russia, apartment. He transferred $10 million from Citibank clients to his own accounts around the world. As with most Bond movies, Levin’s career as a hacker was short lived — with a capture, imprisonment, and recovery of all but $400,000 of the original $10 million.

4: Yan Romanowski

Yan Romanowski, also known as MafiaBoy, was arrested in February 2000 for launching a denial-of-service attack that brought down many of the Internet’s largest sites, including Amazon, eBay, and Yahoo. Yan’s lawyer claimed, “If [MafiaBoy] had used all his powers, he could have done unimaginable damage.” It is widely believed that Romanowski is no more than a script kiddie. His attacks, however successful, were implemented using computer scripts that clogged networks full of garbage data.

5: Kevin Poulsen

Kevin Poulsen, known as Dark Dante in the hacker community, specialized in hacking phone systems, particularly radio stations. This talent allowed only calls originating from his house to make it through to the station, assuring him of wins in listener radio contests. His iconic 1991 hack was a takeover of all of the telephone lines for the Los Angeles KIIS-FM radio station, guaranteeing that he would be the 102nd caller and win the prize of a Porsche 944 S2. The bold Poulsen was wanted by the FBI for federal computer hacking at the same time he was winning the Porsche and $20,000 in prize money at a separate station. Poulsen spent 51 months in a federal prison, the longest sentence of a cybercriminal at that time.

6: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

The now-famous founders of Apple Computer spent part of their youth as hackers. They spent their pre-Apple days (circa 1971) building Blue Box devices (an early phreaking tool allowing users to make long distance calls without the financial charges) and selling them to fellow students at the University of California, Berkeley.

7: David Smith

Smith’s fame comes from being the author of the infamous email virus known as Melissa. According to Smith, the Melissa virus was never meant to cause harm, but its simple means of propagation (each infected computer sent out multiple infected emails) overloaded computer systems and servers around the world. Smith’s virus was unusual in that it was originally hidden in a file containing passwords to 80 well-known pornography Web sites. Even though more than 60,000 email viruses have been discovered, Smith is the only person to go to federal prison in the United States for sending one.

8: Jonathan James

James gained notoriety when he became the first juvenile, at age 16, to be sent to prison for hacking. James specialized in hacking high-profile government systems, such as NASA and the Department of Defense. He was reported to have stolen software worth more than $1.7 million.

9: George Hotz

While George Hotz may be a renowned jailbreak artist, he’s best known for being named as the primary reason for the April 2011 PlayStation breach. As one of the first hackers to jailbreak the Sony PlayStation 3, Hotz found himself in the middle of a very mean, public, and messy court battle with Sony — perhaps because of his public release of his jailbreaking methods. In stated retaliation, the hacker group Anonymous attacked Sony in what has been the most costly security break of all time. Hotz denied any responsibility for the attack and said, “Running homebrew and exploring security on your devices is cool; hacking into someone else’s server and stealing databases of user info is not cool.”

10: Gary McKinnon

In 2002, a decidedly odd message appeared on a U.S. Army computer: “Your security system is crap,” it read. “I am Solo. I will continue to disrupt at the highest levels.” It was later found to be the work of Gary McKinnon, a Scottish system administrator. Gary has been accused of mounting the largest ever hack of U.S. government computer networks — including Army, Air Force, Navy, and NASA systems. The court has recommended that McKinnon be extradited to the United States to face charges of illegally accessing 97 computers, causing $700,000 in damage. Adding even more interest to McKinnon’s actions is his insistence that much of his hacking was in search of information on UFOs, information he believed the U.S. government was hiding in its military computers.
Alan Wlasuk is managing partner of  a full-service secure Web application development company.

7 Biggest Mistakes Of Steve Jobs

Bangalore: Steve Jobs, regarded as father of consumer electronic revolution, a tech legend and a man who steered Apple towards becoming world’s most valuable company, may seem like someone who’s got it right all the time. But the fact is that, the legendary Jobs did his share of mistakes before he got things right, which includes him being fired by the company he co-founded to launching many products that failed like— Macintosh TV, Apple III, and others.

Read on to know 7 such mistakes by Steve Jobs as compiled by Huffington Post.

☼7 Launching numerous product failures

Steve Jobs, though knew how the technology vectors are evolving, brought out the very unsuccessful products like Apple Lisa, Macintosh TV, Apple III, Powermac g4 cube and others. “The lesson that I take from these defunct products is that people will soon forget that you were wrong on a lot of smaller bets, so long as you nail big bets in a major way” said Steve Jobs.

 

☼6 Recruiting John Sculley as CEO of Apple

John Sculley was vice-president (1970–1977) and president of PepsiCo (1977–1983), until he became CEO of Apple on April 8, 1983, a position he held until leaving in 1993.

Steve Jobs lured Sculley away from Pepsi because Apple wanted Sculley to apply his marketing skills to the personal computer market. Steve Jobs successfully sealed the deal after he made his legendary pitch to John: "Do you want to sell sugared water for the rest of your life? Or do you want to come with me and change the world?"

Sales at Apple increased from $800 million to $8 billion under Sculley's management, although many attribute this success to Sculley merely joining at an opportune time when Steve Jobs' vision and creations had begun to skyrocket.

At this point, a power struggle between Jobs and Sculley was becoming readily apparent. The Apple board of directors instructed Sculley to "contain" Jobs and limit his ability to launch expensive forays into untested products. Rather than submit to Sculley's direction, Jobs attempted to oust him from his leadership role at Apple. Sculley found out that Jobs had been attempting to organize a putsch and called a board meeting at which Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties. Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT Inc. the same year.

But Sculley ultimately was forced to step down as Apple CEO because he was opposed to licensing Macintosh software and was talking to Goldman-Sachs about splitting Apple into two companies. When Sculley left in May, 1993, Apple had $2 billion in cash and $200 million in debt.

 

☼ 5 Believing that pixar would be a great hardware company

Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the computer division of Lucasfilm before its spin-out as a corporation in 1986 with funding by Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, who became its majority shareholder. George Lucas, the founder of Lucasfilm had to sell off the Pixar graphics arm of LucasFilms (for $10 million), he never expected the company to ever make money on animated films.

Jobs, after holding majority stock in the animation company, believed that Pixar was going to be the next great hardware company which never turned into a reality. However Jobs supported cofounders Ed Catmull and John Lasseter as they pursued their dream of producing a full-length digitally animated film from day one. He protected their ability to make small bets on short films in order to learn how to eventually make a full-length feature film like Toy Story.

☼4 Not knowing the right market for NeXT computer

The NeXT Computer was a workstation computer developed, manufactured, and sold by NeXT Inc., a company founded by Steve Jobs and several other veterans of the Macintosh and Lisa teams, from 1988 until 1990.

The NeXT Computer was not a great commercial success at the level of high volume personal computers such as the Apple II, the Macintosh, or Wintel PCs; some of the workstations were sold to universities, financial institutions, and government agencies however. Some may still be used around the world as servers and hobbyist desktops.

Although Jobs tried to spin NeXT computer as an ultimate success when the assets were sold to Apple in 1996 for $429 million, few in Silicon Valley agreed. The company struggled from the start to find the right markets and customers, and Jobs himself described the fact in a video  as, "We've had, historically, a very hard time figuring out exactly who our customer was, and I'd like to show you why."

☼3 Trying to sell Pixar numerous times

Jobs who owned majority of stock in the animation company Pixar, after being with the company for 5 years, in 1980 he tried on multiple occasions to sell the company, just to break even on his investment, which was roughly $50 million. He approached Bill Gates, Larry Ellison, and numerous strategic partners and companies with an offer for Pixar, but nobody turned out to be potential buy. Which eventually turned out to be a good thing for Jobs, who engineered the sale of Pixar to Disney for $7.4 billion in 2006. He got far a lot of money by the sale than his initial offers to Bill Gates and Larry Ellison.

☼2 Letting Eric Schmidt see what was in Apple

Steve Jobs, about seven years ago, invited Eric Schmidt to sit on his board. At the time Apple was on to a secrete project, building iPhone for 2 years. Three months after Schmidt joined the Apple board, Google put its weight behind the Android and was mimicking BlackBerries. But Schmidt who was part of meetings discussing the launch of the iPhone and how significant the post-PC era was going to be got the whiff of how big the Apple handset is going to be. He went back to the Google, and asked Android folks to reorient around an iPhone vision of the world. Steve Jobs thought Google was a friend and invited them into the Apple. Instead, they became the biggest competitor. (Courtesy: Forbes)

☼1 Helping Google build a beachhead in mobile

Steve Jobs, not only let Schmidt on the Apple board and revealed Apple’s secrete project, the iPhone, he also chose to align with Google services for the initial launch of iPhone.  Google search, maps, and YouTube all were helped enormously by the beachfront property Jobs allocated to them. This magnanimity by Jobs helped Google to grow strong in their respective verticals.

As the twist of fate, Google became the major competitor to Apple, thanks to the huge success of Android mobile platform. Apple, with the release of iOS 6, banned Google maps and YouTube from its default settings. However, due to Apple’s own faulty mapping service and pressure from consumers, Apple has now incorporated Google services again. (Courtesy: Forbes)

Facebook boss 'likes' windfall

Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg reaped a gain of nearly 2.3 billion dollars (£1.5 billion) last year when he exercised 60 million stock options just before the online social networking leader's initial public offering (IPO).

The windfall detailed in regulatory documents filed saddled the 28-year-old with a massive tax bill. He raised the money to pay it by selling 30.2 million Facebook shares for 38 dollars (£24.50) apiece, or 1.1 billion dollars (£710,640 million), in the IPO.
Facebook's stock has not closed above 38 dollars since the IPO was completed last May. The shares gained 71 cents (46p) on Friday to close at 26.85 dollars (£17.34).
The 29% decline from Facebook's IPO price has cost Mr Zuckerberg nearly seven billion dollars (£4.5 billion) on paper, based on the 609.5 million shares of company stock that he owned as of March 31, according to the documents. His current stake is still worth 16.4 billion dollars (£10.6 billion).
Mr Zuckerberg, who started Facebook in his Harvard University room in 2004, has indicated he has no immediate plans to sell more stock.
The exercise of his stock options and his subsequent sale of shares in the IPO had been previously disclosed.
The proxy statement filed to announce Facebook's June 11 shareholder meeting is the first time that the magnitude of Mr Zuckerberg's stock option gain had been quantified.
The statement also revealed that Mr Zuckerberg's pay package last year rose 16% because of increased personal usage of jets chartered by the company as part of his security programme.
Mr Zuckerberg's compensation last year totalled nearly 2 million dollars (£1.3 million), up from 1.7 million dollars (£1.1 million) last year. Of those amounts, 1.2 million dollars (£775,243) covered the costs of Mr Zuckerberg's personal air travel last year, up from 692,679 dollars (£447,495) in 2011.
If not for the spike in travel costs, his pay would have declined by 17%. His salary and bonus totalled 769,306 dollars (£497,000) last year, as against 928,833 dollars (£600,000) in 2011.

NEWS Item

NEWS Item

NEWS ITEM
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure of news item :
1. Newsworthy events
2. Backround events
3. Source
The text above is anews item in written form. It’s purpose is to inform the readers about event of the day which are considered newswort or important. The structure of this text type is :
1. Newsworthy event(s) : recont(s) the event(s) in a summary form.
2. Backround events : elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
3. Source : comments by participant, in witness to and autorities expert on the event.
Language feature of news item
1. Using action verbs
2. Using saying verbs
3. Using passive sentence

• There are some rules that an help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
• The passive voice is used without the appropriate from of ‘’be’’.
• It is unusual to find complex fprms, generally the simple prent form id used.
• The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
• To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.

• Headlines are not alwasy complete sentences.

Expression Happiness

Expression Happiness

HAPPINESS EXPRESSION

Expressing happiness is that we show when we are happy or glad.

We can expressing happiness with :
¤ Word.
¤ Gesture. Kind of expressing happiness :
¤ I like.
¤ I love.
¤ I'm statisfied with ……
¤ I'm pleased with ……
¤ Congratulation.
¤ I'm very happy because ……
¤ Well down.
¤ That's fantastic !
¤ That's good !
¤ That's great !
¤ That's wonderfull !
¤ That's exciting.
¤ I'm so happy for you.
¤ I'm happy to hear that.
¤ I'm glad to know that.
¤ I'm so happy to know it.
¤ My happiness for you.
¤ I'm very happy with you.

Example of happiness expression:
Ione : I get the birthday present from my mother, yesterday !
Edhep : Fantastic! This great.

Noun phrases

Noun phrases

 Noun phrases
Nouns in English are traditionally described as naming "persons, places, things, and ideas." Pronouns are a subcategory of nouns. Noun phrases are formed by a noun or pronoun and any modifiers, complements, or determiners including adjectives, determiners, prepositional phrases, noun clauses, and verb phrases.
A noun phrase most commonly functions as a subject, object, or complement.
Examples:
- My coach is happy.
- I like the cars over there.
- The woman who lives there is my aunt.
- Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
- I consider Meong my favorite cat.
- Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
- To read quickly and accurately is John’s goal.
- Two of my guests have arrived.
- Mr. Jones spoke to Dr. James.
- My friend works with her father.
Nouns and noun phrases perform ten grammatical functions in the English language. The ten functions are:
1. Subject
2. Subject complement
3. Direct object
4. Object complement
5. Indirect object
6. Prepositional complement
7. Noun phrase modifier
8. Determinative
9. Appositive
10. Adverbial

From a functional point of view, the noun phrase has four major components, occurring in a fixed order:
 the determinative, that constituent which determines the reference of the noun phrase in its linguistic or situational context.
 premodification, which comprises all the modifying or describing constituents before the head, other than the determiners.
 the head, around which the other constituents cluster.
 postmodification, those which comprise all the modifying constituents placed after the head.

Structures of Noun phrase :
The structure of this noun phrase contains three sections:
1. NOUN PHRASE : pre – modifiers + noun
a). White house ; here white is a pre-modifier and house is a noun.
b). The three old Democratic legislators ; here the three old Democratic is pre-modifier and legislators is a noun.
2. NOUN PHRASE : noun + post-modifiers. (The most common post-modifier is prepositional phrases).
a). The glass on the table ; here on the table is the post-modifier.
b). The boy in the store ; here in the store is the post-modifier.
3. NOUN PHRASE : pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier.
a). The boys on top of the house are ...... here The is the pre-modifier, boys is the noun, on top of the house is the post-modifier.
b). The children in the garden ; here The is the pre-modifier, children is the noun, in the garden is the post-modifier

GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT, and CONGRATULATION

GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT, and CONGRATULATION

• GRATITUDE
Gratitude is expression that used to said thank you to other people.
Kind of grantitude expression are :
Expressing Grantitude Responding
Thank you very much, You’re welcome.
Thank you for your help. No big deal.
I’m very grateful to you. It’s a pleasure.
How can I thanks you? Don’t mention it.
I can’t thank you enough. That’s all right.
I’m very much obliged to you. Any time.
I should like to express my grantitude. It was the least I could do.

• COMPLIMENT
Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Expressing :
 What a nice dress.
 You look great.
 You look very nice.
 Fabtastic/Marvalous !
 Good job!/Excellent work
 You’re really the best!
 You look fabulous!

Time to express compliment ;
 On his/her general appearance.
 If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
 When you visit someone’s house for the frist time.
 When other people do their best.

• CONGRATULATION
Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone whwn get a success.

Expressing :
• Let me congratulate you
• Congratulation on you successful business.
• My congratulations on your success.
• Congratulations on your promotion.
• Good !
• That’s great !
• How fortunate.

Responding :
• Thanks you.
• Thanks, i needed that.
• That’s very kind of you.
• It’s very kind of you to say that.
• Do you really think so ?
• You’ve my made my day!
• I’m glad you like it.

Simple Future Tense

Simple Future Tense

Simple future is used for describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.
A. In order to
1. Future tense “will”
a. To assert incident/event that future and decide that incident at talking.
Example= A: can you help me to do this home work?
B: of course, I will do it for you.

b. To offer to do something.
Example= A: I don’t have a pen to write.
B: don’t worry. I will lend you.

c. To assert an agreement to do something.
Example= A: you must come to my party.
B: I promise I will come on party.

d. To ask someone to do something.
Example= A: it’s very hot in my room.
B: certainly.

e. To predict event that will be happened
Example= A: will I pass the test next month?
B: don’t worry, you will pass.

f. To assert an incident/event that will be sure happened.
Example= A: I’m seventeen years old now.
How old will I be next year?
B: you will be eighteen years old next years.
All people and animals in the world will die

2. Future tense “shall”
a. To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example= Today, we are free.
Where shall we go?
Note: shall for subject “I, we”

3. Future tense “be going to”
a. To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
Example= A: Did you send my letter for her?
B: oh, I’m sorry I forgot.
I’m going to send it tonight.

b. To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.
Example= A: The sky is very dark.
What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain

B. Time signal
1.Tomorrow…

• - Morning

• - Afternoon

• - Evening

• - Night

2. Next…

• - Time

• - Week

• - Month

• - Year

• - January

3. Tonight
4. The day after tomorrow
5. Soon
6. Later
7. Two, three more days
8. Two, three days later
9. By and by

C. Formation of sentences
1. Positive (+):
a. Subject + shall/will + VI
Example: I shall clean the room
We will go to school
She will give a present
Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”
b. Subject + be + going to + VI
Example:
I am going to play tennis
They are going to swim very fast
He is going to write a story



2. Negative (-)
a. Subject + shall/will + not + VI
Example: I shan’t buy a shirt
He won’t clean the room
Note: shall not = shan’t
Will not = won’t
b. Subject + be not + going to + VI
Example: I am not going to give a present

3. Interrogative (?)
a. Shall/will + subject + VI ?
Example: will we play tennis?
b. Be + subject + going to + VI ?
Example: is she going to write a story?